People who score highly for materialism tend to turn to shopping -- and compulsive spending -- in the face of stress, according to a small new study from Michigan State University.


"When the going gets tough, the materialistic go shopping[1] ," study researcher Ayalla Ruvio, an assistant professor of marketing at the university, said in a statement. "And this compulsive and impulsive spending is likely to produce even greater stress and lower well-being. Essentially, materialism appears to make bad events even worse."


Ruvio and her team measured participants' materialistic tendencies using a standard test called the Richins’ (2004) attenuated 9-item Material Values Scale. The study, published in the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science[2] , involved two parts. For the first part, 139 residents of an Israeli town who had been exposed to rocket attacks in 2007 were surveyed on their post-traumatic stress symptoms and impulsive and compulsive buying habits. One hundred and seventy residents from another Israeli town not affected by the rocket attacks were also interviewed.


Researchers found that people who scored as materialistic had an increased likelihood of experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms, and they were more likely to compulsively or impulsively shop, versus those who were less materialistic.


For the second part of the study, researchers sought to see how self-esteem factored into spending behaviors as a method of stress relief among materialistic people. "Because materialistic individuals typically exhibit low self-esteem, they may be especially likely to experience higher levels of stress and seek to resolve this stress via maladaptive consumption activities," they wrote in the study. "Thus, we examine the role of self-esteem as a possible underlying driver of the effects observed in our Israeli study."


For this part of the study, researchers commissioned a survey of 855 people, about half of whom were female, with an average age of 36. The survey examined the materialism levels, impulsive buying and compulsive consumption of the study participants, as well as their responses to a statement that addressed their own mortality: "I am frightened by the idea that my thoughts and feelings will stop when I am dead." They also measured the self-esteem of the study participants.


Researchers similarly found that materialism seemed to intensify stress's effects, and that the stress could be a more broad, encapsulating stress -- such as general fear of death -- and not just a specific stressor -- like the rocket attacks from the first part of the experiment.



The findings supported the observations of the first study, the researchers wrote. "[The result] suggests that this effect appears to be a generalized response to global mortality concerns rather than a localized reaction to a specific mortal threat. Thus, this study extends the generalizability of our findings beyond the context of a particular traumatic event," the researchers wrote in the study.


"In brief, it appears that this effect is likely driven by low levels of self-esteem rather than by a lack of social support," they added.


Recently, a study in the Journal of Economic Physiology showed that compulsive shoppers turn to shopping because they believe the purchases will boost their moods[3] . "We … found that these individuals keep on buying[4] because they are looking for that 'buy high,' hoping their purchases will lift their mood and transform them as a person," the researcher of that study, Ryan Howell, of San Francisco State University, said in a statement.


Plus, a recent online poll commissioned by HuffPost showed that nearly one in three Americans uses shopping as a stress-reliever[5] , with women being more likely than men to turn to this method of stress reduction.



Also on HuffPost:




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  • Bring Your Dog To Work


    A recent study in the <em>International Journal of Workplace Health Management</em> showed that <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/01/bringing-dog-to-work-stress_n_1391420.html" target="_hplink">bringing your dog to work</a> could help to lower office stress and boost employee satisfaction.

    "Pet presence may serve as a low-cost, wellness intervention readily available to many organizations and may enhance organizational satisfaction and perceptions of support," study researcher Randolph T. Barker, Ph.D., a professor of management at Virginia Commonwealth University, said in a statement. "Of course, it is important to have policies in place to ensure only friendly, clean and well-behaved pets are present in the workplace."

    The study, which looked at the pet-friendly company Replacements, Ltd., showed that employees who brought their dogs in to work experienced <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/01/bringing-dog-to-work-stress_n_1391420.html" target="_hplink">decreases in stress</a> throughout the work day. Meanwhile, self-reported stress <em>increased</em> for people who didn't bring their dogs, and for those who don't have dogs.




  • Laugh It Up


    If you're feeling particularly stressed, perhaps it's time to take a quick YouTube break. A small 1989 study in the <em>American Journal of the Medical Sciences</em> showed that<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2556917" target="_hplink"> "mirthful laughter"</a> is linked with lower blood levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

    The Mayo Clinic reported that laughter also promotes <a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/stress-relief/SR00034" target="_hplink">endorphin release</a> in the brain and relaxes the muscles, which are all key for stress relief.




  • Grab A Shovel And Some Seeds


    Caregiving is extremely stressful, but a 2008 survey showed that gardening may help to reduce stress among caregivers. The survey, by BHG.com, showed that 60 percent of caregivers feel <a href="http://www.alz.org/national/documents/release_110308_garden.pdf" target="_hplink">relaxed when they garden</a>, the Alzheimer's Association reported.

    And, Health.com reported on a Netherlands study, suggesting that gardening can help to <a href="http://www.health.com/health/article/0,,20507878_2,00.html" target="_hplink">lower cortisol levels</a> and boost mood among people who had just finished a stressful task. That's because doing something that requires "involuntary attention" -- like sitting back and enjoying nature -- helps to replenish ourselves, Health.com reported.




  • Crack Open A Book


    Just <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/5070874/Reading-can-help-reduce-stress.html" target="_hplink">six minutes of reading</a> is enough to help you de-stress, the <em>Telegraph</em> reported.

    The study, which was sponsored by Galaxy chocolate, suggested that <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/5070874/Reading-can-help-reduce-stress.html" target="_hplink">reading was linked with a slower heart rate</a> and muscle relaxation. Drinking tea or coffee, listening to music and taking a walk also seemed to help lower stress, according to the <em>Telegraph</em>.




  • Call Mom


    Even if she's not there in person, a call to mom can help lower stress.

    <em>Scientific American</em> reported on a study in the journal <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</em> showing that young girls who <a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2010/05/11/a-phone-call-from-mom-reduces-stress-as-well-as-a-hug/" target="_hplink">talked to their mothers on the phone</a> after completing stressful tasks had decreased cortisol (the stress hormone) in their saliva, and increased oxytocin levels (the bonding hormone).

    The girls who talked to their mothers on the phone had <a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2010/05/11/a-phone-call-from-mom-reduces-stress-as-well-as-a-hug/" target="_hplink">decreased cortisol</a> and increased oxytocin levels compared with young girls who weren't allowed to contact their mothers at all, <em>Scientific American</em> reported -- girls who hugged their moms in person had a similar reaction to the phone group.




  • Eat Some Chocolate


    Dark chocolate doesn't only have health benefits for the heart -- eating it can also help to <a href="http://www.livescience.com/7974-chocolate-reduces-stress-study-finds.html" target="_hplink">lower stress</a>.

    LiveScience reported on a study illustrating that eating 1.4 ounces of <a href="http://www.livescience.com/7974-chocolate-reduces-stress-study-finds.html" target="_hplink">dark chocolate</a> a day for a two-week period is linked with decreased levels of the stress hormone cortisol. That study was published in 2009 in the journal <em>Proteome Research</em>.

    (But of course, chocolate still contains sugar and lots of calories, so make sure you're eating the chocolate in moderation!)




  • Gossip


    Gossip may not be viewed as socially "good," but it <em>might</em> have benefits in relieving stress.

    Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, found that <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/17/gossip-stress-exploitation-heart-rate_n_1211207.html" target="_hplink">gossiping can actually lower stress</a>, stop exploitation of others and police others' bad behavior.

    "Spreading information about the person whom they had seen behave badly tended to <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/17/gossip-stress-exploitation-heart-rate_n_1211207.html" target="_hplink">make people feel better</a>, quieting the frustration that drove their gossip," study researcher Robb Willer, a social psychologist at UC Berkeley, said in a statement. Willer's research was published this year in the <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</em>.

    So if something's bothering you, go ahead and gab -- but just make sure you move on so you don't dwell on the negative emotions!




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